How does stress affect jaw joint problems?

Stress worsens temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems because it increases muscle tension, triggering parafunctional activities like teeth grinding or clenching, which can lead to jaw pain, headaches, and limited range of motion. Stress increases levels of synovial inflammatory substances like TNF-α and IL-6, which increase inflammation in the TMJ. Stress can also exacerbate TMJ symptoms by increasing anxiety and depression. Research shows that people who experience stress or muscle pain and have joint problems are more likely to have advanced TMJ disorders.